Codec-specific handover thresholds

ABSTRACT

A handover procedure can be implemented using a codec-specific threshold as a triggering event for the handover procedure. A mobile device can initiate a communication session with a serving access point (AP). The mobile device can receive a codec established for the communication session, access a set of codec-specific thresholds stored in memory of the mobile device to determine a handover triggering threshold that is specific to the codec used for the communication session. The mobile device can measure a parameter of a radio signal from the serving AP, and when the measured parameter falls below the codec-specific threshold, a handover procedure can be initiated to transition the communication session to a target AP.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application is a continuation of and claims priority toco-pending and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/985,251, filed Dec. 30, 2015, entitled “CODEC-SPECIFIC HANDOVERTHRESHOLDS,” which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND

A given base station of a cellular network has limited coverage. Inorder to provide service to users that move between geographiclocations, handover procedures have been implemented that allow for acommunication session on a mobile device to transition from a servingbase station to a target base station as the mobile device moves awayfrom the serving base station and toward the target base station. Thisallows the user to continue a communication session (e.g., a voice call)while moving between geographic locations. To initiate a handoverprocedure, a mobile device takes radio signal strength measurements fromthe serving base station and compares these measurements to a handovertriggering threshold previously received from the serving base station.If a measurement is below the threshold, a handover procedure istriggered so that an ongoing communication session can be transitionedto a target base station.

However, using a single handover triggering threshold is suboptimal inview of the “heterogeneous” nature of current cellular networks thatsupport both legacy technologies and new technologies. For example,consider a legacy mobile device using a legacy technology (e.g., anarrowband audio codec) for a voice call served by a particular basestation, and a new mobile device using a newer technology (e.g., a superwideband audio codec) for a voice call served by the same base station.Both the legacy device and new device will initiate respective handoverprocedures at the same radio signal level, which is determined by thesingle handover triggering threshold provided by the serving basestation to each device. Because the new device uses newer technologythat may extend the distance from the serving base station that the newdevice can stay on the communication session, the single handovertriggering threshold can trigger a handover procedure for the new deviceearlier than necessary. Since there is an inherent risk of dropping acommunication session during a handover procedure, this introduces anunneeded risk of a dropped communication session for the new device. Ifthe handover triggering threshold provided by the serving base stationis lowered to accommodate the extended coverage of the new device, thelowered threshold does not work for the legacy device due to the morelimited coverage provided by the legacy technology it uses. For example,as the legacy device moves away from the serving base station, thelowered threshold may not even be crossed before the communicationsession of the legacy device is dropped.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is set forth with reference to the accompanyingfigures, in which the left-most digit of a reference number identifiesthe figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of thesame reference numbers in different figures indicates similar oridentical items or features.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example cellular network environment forimplementing a handover procedure for a mobile device by utilizing acodec-specific threshold.

FIG. 2 illustrates another example cellular network environment forimplementing a handover procedure for a mobile device by utilizing acodec-specific threshold.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example mobile device architecture inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a cellular-based access point (AP) inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an example process for transitioning acommunication session from a serving AP to a target AP based on acodec-specific threshold.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example process for amobile-assist, network-controlled implementation of a handoverprocedure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Newer mobile devices, such as fourth generation (4G) Long Term Evolution(LTE)-compliant mobile devices, are configured to employ the latestaudio and video codecs to establish voice and video communicationsessions. With respect to audio codecs, for example, some newer mobiledevices are configured to support Enhanced Voice Services (EVS), whichis an audio codec defined in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP) standard for provisioning voice over LTE (VoLTE) services. TheEVS audio codec can use a higher sampling rate as compared to itspredecessor audio codecs, which allows for new wideband audiotechnologies, such as high definition (HD) voice (sometimes referred toas “HD calling”).

The improved coding scheme of EVS not only provides clearer-soundingcalls, but also enables a mobile device to stay connected to accesspoint (AP) in relatively poor radio conditions. This means that the EVSaudio codec can extend the voice call range for the mobile device, whichallows a user to continue a voice communication session at a greaterdistance from the serving AP, or in much poorer radio conditions servedby an AP, as compared to other audio codecs, such as the AdaptiveMulti-Rate (AMR) audio codec. In general, as cellular networks continueto evolve, newer technologies can provide enhancements that allow forimproved performance of the devices that utilize the cellular networksas compared to the performance that legacy technologies can provide.

Still, there is a transition period as legacy technologies phase out andas new technologies are adopted, which causes cellular networks toremain “heterogeneous” with a mixture of legacy and non-legacytechnologies. In other words, not all user equipments (UEs) are capableof supporting the latest technologies, such as the EVS audio codec.These UEs that cannot support the latest technologies are referred to as“legacy devices.” As a result, some voice communication sessions areencoded/decoded using the EVS audio codec, while other voicecommunication sessions—particularly those involving legacy devices—areencoded/decoded using a different audio codec, such as AMR, AMR Wideband(AMR-WB), and so on.

Described herein are techniques and systems for implementing a handoverprocedure for a mobile device by utilizing a codec-specific threshold.The techniques and systems described herein are aimed at leveraging theperformance enhancements gained by newer codecs, such as the EVS audiocodec, in the implementation of an improved, codec-specific handoverprocedure. For example, since the EVS audio codec extends the usefulrange of voice communications on a mobile device, a handover triggeringthreshold that is specific to the EVS audio codec can be used by themobile device in deciding when to trigger a handover procedure when acommunication session uses EVS as the audio codec. Likewise, a differenthandover triggering threshold that is specific to the AMR-WB audio codeccan be used by the mobile device in deciding when to trigger a handoverprocedure when a communication session uses AMR-WB as the audio codec.

In some embodiments, a process to be implemented on a mobile deviceincludes initiating a communication session over an Internet Protocol(IP) Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) core network (sometimes referred to asthe “IMS core”, or the “Core Network (CN)”) using a selected codec,wherein a serving access point (AP) is used to access the IMS core. Themobile device may access, from memory of the mobile device, a datastructure that maintains a first codec-specific threshold in associationwith a first codec and a second codec-specific threshold in associationwith a second codec. In this manner, the selected codec used for thecommunication session can be compared to the codecs in the datastructure, and upon detecting a matching codec in the data structure,the mobile device measures a parameter of a radio signal from theserving AP to obtain a radio signal measurement and compares the radiosignal measurement to the codec-specific threshold associated with thematching codec in the data structure. If the radio signal measurement isbelow the codec-specific threshold, a handover procedure is triggeredwhere the communication session is transitioned from the serving AP to atarget AP in communication range of the mobile device.

Also disclosed herein are systems comprising one or more processors andone or more memories, as well as non-transitory computer-readable mediastoring computer-executable instructions that, when executed, by one ormore processors perform various acts and/or processes disclosed herein.

By implementing a handover procedure that utilizes a codec-specificthreshold, a mobile device can take full advantage of the performanceenhancements provided by newer codecs, such as the extended voicecalling range provided by the channel-aware EVS audio codec. In thismanner, a user can carry a mobile device during a communication sessionas far from a serving AP as possible before a handover procedure isinitiated so that handover is performed when it is suitable to do so.This, in turn, eliminates the risk of dropping a communication sessionin situations where a handover is unnecessary and an established codecis capable of continuing the communication session at farther distancesfrom a serving AP. Moreover, network resource usage is reduced byavoiding handover procedures where it is not necessary to perform ahandover, since handover procedures involve sending network trafficbetween a mobile device and a serving AP. A further benefit of thetechniques and systems described herein is realized when a mobile devicemoves away from a serving AP employing a newer radio access technology(RAT) toward a target AP employing a legacy RAT (e.g., a 2G cell tower).In this situation, the mobile device will stay on a communicationsession using the newer codec before transitioning the communicationsession to the legacy RAT where a legacy codec may be re-negotiated forthe communication session.

Example Environment

FIG. 1 illustrates an example cellular network environment 100 forimplementing a handover procedure for a mobile device 102 by utilizing acodec-specific threshold. The mobile device 102 may be implemented asany suitable mobile computing device configured to communicate over awireless network, including, without limitation, a mobile phone (e.g., asmart phone), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a portable digitalassistant (PDA), a wearable computer (e.g., electronic/smart glasses, asmart watch, fitness trackers, etc.), and/or any similar mobile device102. In accordance with various embodiments described herein, the terms“wireless communication device, “wireless device,” “communicationdevice,” mobile device,” and “user equipment (UE)” may be usedinterchangeably herein to describe any mobile device 102 capable ofperforming the techniques described herein. The mobile device 102 may becapable of communicating wirelessly using any suitable wirelesscommunications/data technology, protocol, or standard, such as GlobalSystem for Mobile Communications (GSM), Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS),Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Advanced LTE(LTE+), Generic Access Network (GAN), Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA),Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiple Access (OFDM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), EnhancedData GSM Environment (EDGE), Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), HighSpeed Packet Access (HSPA), evolved HSPA (HSPA+), Voice over IP (VoIP),Voice over LTE (VoLTE), Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE) 802.1x protocols, WiMAX, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi™),and/or any future IP-based network technology or evolution of anexisting IP-based network technology.

FIG. 1 further illustrates a user 104 who is associated with the mobiledevice 102. The user 104 may have subscribed to services that a carrier(or cellular network operator) provides to its customers. Such a carriermay utilize the IMS for delivering IP multimedia to UEs of itscustomers, such as the mobile device 102 associated with user 104. TheIMS core permits UEs, such as the mobile device 102, to conduct voiceand data communication sessions over the IMS core.

Accessing the IMS core typically involves the mobile device 102communicating with the IMS core through an access point (AP), such asthe AP 106(1). In the example of FIG. 1, the AP 106(1) is in the form ofa cellular-based AP (e.g., a base station or enhanced NodeB (eNodeB)).In this manner, the user 104 (or subscriber) may access services fromthe IMS core using the mobile device 102 that communicates with the IMScore through the AP 106(1) acting as a serving AP 106(1) during anongoing communication session.

The AP 106(1) is shown as having a limited coverage area 108(1) in termsof the geographical area or space in which the mobile device 102 caneffectively access the IMS core via the AP 106(1), which is due in partto propagation loss of radio signals that increases with increaseddistance from the serving AP 106(1). Accordingly, when the mobile device102 moves farther away from a serving AP 106(1) during an ongoingcommunication session, the radio signal strength will eventually fall toan unacceptable level. This can result in a communication session withpoor quality, or even a dropped communication session as the mobiledevice 102 continues to move farther away from the serving AP 106(1).Accordingly, when the user 104 moves to a location where the radiosignal strength falls below a codec-specific threshold, a handoverprocedure can be initiated in order to transition the communicationsession from the serving AP 106(1) to a target AP 106(2) when the mobiledevice 102 moves within the coverage area 108(2) of the target AP 106(2)and is therefore within communication range of the target AP 106(2).

FIG. 1 illustrates an example implementation of a cell-to-cell handoverwhere an ongoing communication session served by a serving base stationAP 106(1) is transferred to a target base station AP 106(2). FIG. 1 alsoillustrates a cellular network environment 100 that is suitable forimplementing a “mobile-assist, network-controlled” handover procedure. A“mobile-assist, network-controlled” handover procedure is one where manyof the operations involved in controlling the handover procedure areperformed by the serving AP 106(1) during an ongoing communicationsession, and where the mobile device 102 transmits information (e.g.,radio signal measurements) to the serving AP 106(1) in order to assistthe serving AP 106(1) during the handover procedure. Accordingly, theAPs (collectively 106) in FIG. 1 may be capable of communicatingwirelessly using a cellular-based wireless communications/datatechnology, protocol, or standard, such as GSM, TDMA, UMTS, EVDO, LTE,LTE+, GAN, UMA, CDMA, OFDM, GPRS, EDGE, AMPS, HSPA, HSPA+, VoIP, VoLTE,and/or any future IP-based network technology or evolution of anexisting IP-based network technology. As will be described below withreference to the following figures, the techniques and systems are notlimited to the implementation shown in FIG. 1, which is presented merelyfor illustrative purposes as an example implementation.

FIG. 1 shows the user 104 at time, T₀, and location, L₀, while carryingthe mobile device 102 within the coverage area 108(1) of the serving AP108(1). The mobile device 102 may be in an “idle mode” at time, T₀, andlocation, L₀, where the mobile device 102 is not actively engaged in acommunication session. For example, the user 104 may be carrying themobile device 102 in his/her pocket or a bag, but the mobile device 102may remain powered on and in idle mode so that the mobile device 102 cancamp on (or attach to) the AP 106(1). In order to attach to the AP106(1), the mobile device 102 can perform a registration process toregister for, and thereafter access and utilize, one or more IMS-basedservices from the IMS core via the AP 106(1). Such IMS-based servicesmay include, without limitation, multimedia telephony services (e.g.,voice calling), video conferencing services, and the like.

To register for IMS-based services via the AP 106(1), the mobile device102 may send a registration message 110 to the AP 106(1). In someembodiments, the registration message 110 can comprise a SessionInitiation Protocol (SIP) message. SIP is a signaling protocol that canbe used to establish, modify, and terminate multimedia sessions overpacket networks, and to authenticate access to IMS-based services. SIPhas been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). A“SIP request” is a message that is sent from the mobile device 102 tothe IMS core using SIP protocol. A “SIP response” is a message that issent from the IMS core to the mobile device 102 using SIP protocol. Inan illustrative example with reference to FIG. 1, the registrationmessage 110 may comprise a SIP REGISTER method. Once authenticated, themobile device 102 can establish a radio link with the AP 106(1).

The AP 106(1) is configured to respond to the receipt of theregistration message 110 by transmitting a set of codec-specificthresholds 112 to the mobile device 102. FIG. 1 illustrates that the setof codec-specific thresholds 112 can include respective thresholds forcodec 1, codec 2, . . . , codec N (codecs 1-N). The set ofcodec-specific thresholds 112 may relate to audio codecs and/or videocodecs that may be used in communication sessions involving the mobiledevice 102. Each threshold in the set of codec-specific thresholds 112corresponds to a particular codec. For example, the “codec 1 threshold”may correspond to the EVS audio codec, while the “codec 2 threshold” maycorrespond to the AMR-WB audio codec, and the “codec N threshold” maycorrespond to the AMR audio codec. These are exemplary audio codecs andit is to be appreciated that the set of codec-specific thresholds 112may correspond to any suitable audio codecs. The set of codec-specificthresholds 112 may additionally, or alternatively, relate to videocodecs used in video-based communication sessions involving the mobiledevice 102. As such, some or all of the thresholds in the set ofcodec-specific thresholds 112 may correspond to video codecs used forvideo-based communication sessions (e.g., video conferencing), such asthe H.263 video codec, the MPEG-4 video codec, the H.264 video codec,and so on.

In some embodiments, the AP 106(1) may transmit a set of codec-specificthresholds 112 that correspond to a predetermined set of audio codecsand/or video codecs such that any mobile device 102 that successfullyregisters with the AP 106(1) can receive the same set of codec-specificthresholds 112. In other embodiments, the set of codec-specificthresholds 112 sent to the mobile device 102 can be device-specific inthat the AP 106(1) can customize the set of codec-specific thresholds112 to correspond to the codecs that the mobile device 102 is capable ofemploying. For example, if the mobile device 102 is not capable ofemploying the EVS audio codec, the set of codec-specific thresholds 112may not include a threshold corresponding to the EVS audio codec. The AP106(1) can determine the particular codec-specific thresholds to includein the set of codec-specific thresholds 112 based on capabilities thatcan be transmitted from the mobile device 102 to the AP 106(1). Themobile device 102 can send its capabilities to the AP 106(1) in theregistration message 110 or in a separate message, such as a SIP OPTIONSmethod.

The set of codec-specific thresholds 112 can be transmitted to themobile device 102 in a system information block (SIB) that includesservice information of the AP 106(1). For example, the AP 106(1) may, inresponse to receipt of the registration message 110, transmit a SIB withthe set of codec-specific thresholds 112, a list of neighboring APs(e.g., the AP 106(2)) that are within a threshold distance from the AP106(1) (sometimes referred to as a “neighbor list”), and other serviceinformation of the AP 106(1).

The thresholds in the set of codec-specific thresholds 112 can bedefined in any suitable unit of measurement, such as decibel-milliwatts(dBm), decibels (dB), and the like. Upon receipt of the set ofcodec-specific thresholds 112, the mobile device 102 can store the setof codec-specific thresholds 112 in memory of the mobile device 102. Theset of codec-specific thresholds 112 can be maintained in a datastructure, such as lookup table or similar database, that associateseach codec with a corresponding threshold, and thereby maintains areference table with mappings between codecs and thresholds specific tothose codecs. Maintaining this information in local memory allows themobile device 102 to independently determine when to trigger a handoverprocedure based on radio signal measurements from the AP 106(1), as willbe described in more detail below. The mobile device 102 can also storeadditional information it receives from the AP 106(1), such as theneighbor list included in the SIB.

At time, T₁, when the user 104 has carried the mobile device 102 to thelocation, L₁, but is still within the coverage area 108(1) of the AP106(1), the user 104 may decide to call another user by selecting acontact from a contact list user interface on the mobile device 102, orby inputting a voice command to the mobile device 102. Up to this point,the mobile device 102 has been in the idle mode of operation. Inresponse to this command from the user 104, the mobile device 102transmits a session initiation message 114 to the AP 106(1). The sessioninitiation message 114 can be in the form of a SIP INVITE method used toinitiate a communication session with one or more other users.

As part of the session initiation message 114, or in a separate message,the mobile device 102 may inform the AP 106(1) of the codecs (audioand/or video codecs) that the mobile device 102 is capable ofsupporting. For example, an EVS-capable mobile device 102 can transmit alist of codecs including the EVS audio codec and one or more legacyaudio codecs that the EVS-capable mobile device 102 can support. Thiscapability information may be transmitted by the mobile device 102 inthe form of a SIP OPTIONS method.

A codec negotiation procedure may occur after receipt of the sessioninitiation message 114 where a common codec is established for thecommunication session. The common codec that is ultimately establishedmay depend on the capabilities of the UEs and network entities that areto participate in the communication session, as well as network policiesknown to the AP 106(1). For example, if the mobile device 102 isEVS-capable, and the called party also has an EVS-capable UE, then theEVS audio codec may be selected for the communication session. Whenthere are two or more candidate codecs that are each common to all UEsand network entities to be involved in the communication session, thecodec used for the communication session may be selected based on itsperformance characteristics in that the selected codec 116 will resultin the best voice and/or video quality for the communication session.The AP 106(1) transmits the selected codec 116 (i.e., the codecestablished for the communication session) to the mobile device 102 toinform the mobile device 102 of the codec that is established for thecommunication session.

Once a communication session is established, the AP 106(1) becomes theserving AP 106(1) for the communication session. During thecommunication session, the user 104 can move around to differentlocations and the mobile device 102 can monitor for a handovertriggering event by looking up the relevant codec-specific thresholdfrom local memory and taking radio signal measurements of the serving AP106(1) at multiple different times (e.g., periodically). In order tolookup the relevant codec-specific threshold, the mobile device 102 cancompare the selected codec 116 to the codecs relating to thecodec-specific thresholds 112 that are maintained in the memory of themobile device 102. Once a codec that matches the selected codec 116 isfound in the lookup table, the handover triggering threshold that isspecific to the matching codec may be used to monitor for the handovertriggering event using the radio signal measurements from the serving AP106(1).

The radio signal measurements taken by the mobile device 102 can measureany suitable parameter, such as a reference signal received power (RSRP)parameter, or a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter. Ingeneral, the radio signal measurements can measure the radio signalstrength and/or the radio signal quality from the serving AP 106(1),such as in the form of a signal-to-noise ratio. In the example of FIG.1, the user 104, at time, T₂, has carried the mobile device 102 to thelocation, L₂, during a communication session. The location, L₂, is stillwithin the coverage area 108(1) of the AP 106(1), but a radio signalmeasurement from the serving AP 106(1) taken by the mobile device 102may be below the relevant codec-specific threshold in the set ofcodec-specific thresholds 112 due to the fact that the user 104 hasmoved close to the edge of the coverage area 108(1) of the serving AP106(1). When the mobile device 102 determines that a radio signalmeasurement from the serving AP 106(1) falls below the relevantcodec-specific threshold, this condition may be taken as a handovertriggering event, causing the mobile device 102 to initiate a handoverprocedure by taking radio signal measurements from other APs withincommunication range of the mobile device 102, such as the AP 106(2). Themobile device 102 may utilize the neighbor list it received from theserving AP 106(1) in the SIB to identify neighboring APs from which itis to take radio signal measurements.

As the mobile device 102 takes radio signal measurements from theneighboring AP 106(2) (and possibly other neighboring APs), these radiosignal measurements can be transmitted to the serving AP 106(1) in ameasurement report 118. The serving AP 106(1), upon receipt of themeasurement report 118, knows that the mobile device 102 wants tohandover the communication session to a target AP that can better servethe mobile device 102 by providing a better quality (or stronger) radiosignal. The serving AP 106(1) can analyze the measurement report 118,and upon determining that the mobile device 102 has taken enoughmeasurements for the mobile device 102 to be provided a stable radiosignal from a neighboring AP, the serving AP 106(1) can select a targetAP 106(2) with the highest radio signal measurement and can send ahandover command (“HO”) 120 to the mobile device 102 with the target AP106(2) identified for the mobile device 102.

The mobile device 102 can re-register with the target AP 106(2) via asession initiation message 122 in order to re-establish (e.g.,re-INVITE) the communication session on the target AP 106(2) beforeterminating (or tearing down) the communication session with the servingAP 106(1). In this manner, the communication session can be transferredfrom the serving AP 106(1) to the target AP 106(2) that is incommunication range of the mobile device 102. Once the mobile device 102has re-established the communication session on the target AP 106(2),the communication session on the serving AP 106(1) can be terminated bysending a “handover complete” message to the serving AP 106(1), therebycompleting the handover of the communication session to the target AP106(2). Thereafter, the user 104 can continue with the communicationsession as he/she moves farther away from the AP 106(1)

By utilizing a handover triggering threshold from the set ofcodec-specific thresholds 112 that is specific to the codec used in anongoing communication session, the mobile device 102 can leverage theperformance enhancements provided by newer codecs by extending thecommunication session as far as possible from the serving AP 106(1)before transitioning the communication session to the target AP 106(2).Thus, for any codec, including a legacy codec (e.g., AMR), used for thecommunication session, the threshold specific to that codec can beutilized to trigger a handover procedure at an appropriate radio signallevel so that the communication session can be extended over the fullrange of service provided by newer codecs, and so the communicationsession is not dropped prior to initiating a handover procedure forlegacy codecs.

FIG. 2 illustrates another example cellular network environment 200 forimplementing a handover procedure for a mobile device 102 by utilizing acodec-specific threshold. FIG. 2 illustrates examples of handoversbetween different types of APs, such as a handover between a basestations and wireless fidelity (WiFi™) APs, as well as handovers betweentwo WiFi APs. Furthermore a “mobile-controlled” handover procedure isdescribed with reference to FIG. 2. A “mobile-controlled” handoverprocedure is one where the operations involved in controlling thehandover procedure are performed by the mobile device 102 during anongoing communication session.

The cellular network environment 200 illustrates the fact that the IMScore is agnostic to the access technology that is used to connect themobile device 102 to the IMS core. For example, the mobile device 102can connect to the IMS core via a 3GPP or cellular-based AP, such as thebase station AP 106(1) introduced in FIG. 1. Alternatively, the mobiledevice 102 can connect to the IMS core via a “non-3GPP” AP, such as aWiFi AP 106(3). Providing access through WiFi APs, such as the APs106(3) and 106(4) shown in FIG. 2, has opened the door to recentadvancements in IMS-based services, such as the introduction of Wi-Ficalling, which allows users to initiate and receive calls over anavailable Wi-Fi AP.

In the example of FIG. 2, the user 104, at time, To, may be at location,Lo, which corresponds to a particular room of a building 202. The user104 is carrying the mobile device 102, and the mobile device 102 may bein communication range of an AP 106(3) that is configured to utilize awireless communication protocol based on an IEEE 802.1x protocol, suchas WiMAX, WiFi, and/or any future IEEE 802.1x network technology orevolution of an existing IEEE 802.1x protocol network technology. Whenthe mobile device 102 is powered on and in idle mode, the mobile device102 can register for an IMS-based service(s) in the same mannerdescribed herein with reference to FIG. 1, except that the communicationof the registration message 110 in FIG. 1 is transmitted to the WiFi AP106(3) instead of the cellular-based AP 106(1). However, the mobiledevice 102 shown in FIG. 2 may have previously stored the set ofcodec-specific thresholds 112 in local memory of the mobile device 102,such as having the set of codec-specific thresholds 112 hard-coded inmemory of the mobile device 102 during manufacture of the mobile device102, or receiving a software update with the set of codec-specificthresholds 112 at the mobile device 102.

The mobile device 102 can also initiate a communication session (e.g., avoice call) while at location, L₀, in response to a command receivedfrom the user 104. The initiation and establishment of the communicationsession can be performed similarly to the manner of initiating thecommunication session via the cellular-based AP 106(1) described withreference to FIG. 1. For example, a session initiation message 114(e.g., a SIP INVITE method) can be transmitted to the IMS core via theWiFi AP 106(3), and after a codec negotiation process, a selected codec116 can be established for the communication session between the user104 and one or more other users. Once a communication session isestablished via the serving AP 106(3), the mobile device 102 is inactive mode, and the user 104 can move around to different locations.

Because the mobile device 102 in the example of FIG. 2 does not receivea neighbor list from the WiFi AP 106(3), the mobile device 102determines candidate APs in a different manner. For example, the mobiledevice 102 may periodically, or at random different times, scan fornearby APs (both cellular and WiFi-based APs) within communication rangeof the mobile device 102. Thus, when the mobile device 102 is withincommunication range (e.g., a coverage area) of the WiFi AP 106(4), themobile device 102 can discover the WiFi AP 106(4) by scanning for WiFiAPs using a WiFi radio chip (or chipset) of the mobile device 102.

When the user 104 carries the mobile device 102 during a communicationsession to a different room/area of the building 202 that includes theWiFi AP 106(4), the mobile device 102 may determine, through radiosignal measurements obtained from the serving AP 106(3), that the radiosignal level from the serving AP 106(3) has fallen below acodec-specific threshold relating to the selected codec 116 establishedfor the communication session. That is, the mobile device 102, uponreceiving the selected codec 116 that is established for thecommunication session, may access the set of codec-specific thresholds112 in local memory to find a codec that matches the selected codec 116,and the mobile device 102 can monitor radio signal measurements from theserving AP 106(3) against the relevant codec-specific threshold todetermine if a handover procedure is triggered.

When a radio signal measurement from the serving AP 106(3) falls belowthe relevant codec-specific threshold, a handover procedure istriggered, causing the mobile device 102 to take radio signalmeasurements of nearby APs discovered by scanning for nearby APs, suchas the WiFi AP 106(4). When the user 104, at time, T₁, arrives at thelocation, L₁, and when the handover procedure is triggered, the mobiledevice 102 may discover (or may have previously discovered) the WiFi AP106(4) by scanning for WiFi APs with the WiFi radio chip. Thereafter,the mobile device 102 can take radio signal measurements of the WiFi AP106(4) and any other APs it discovers to be within communication rangeof the mobile device 102. The mobile device 102 can analyze the radiosignal measurements to determine if the radio signal from the WiFi AP106(4) is stable, and if so, the mobile device 102 can re-establish thecommunication session via the target AP 106(4) as part of the handoverprocess. Assuming that there are other nearby APs, the target AP 106(4)may be selected based on having a highest radio signal level amongmultiple measurements taken from multiple available APs in communicationrange of the mobile device 102. When the communication session issuccessfully re-established via the target AP 106(4), the communicationsession can be terminated via the serving AP 106(3) to complete thetransfer of the communication session.

FIG. 2 also illustrates an example where the user 104 moves fromlocation, L₁, to a location, L₂, that is outside of the building 202while the communication session is continued on the mobile device 102.At time, T₂, after the user 104 has moved to location, L₂, which isfarther away from the now serving AP 106(4) than location, L₁, themobile device 102 may determine that a radio signal measurement from theserving AP 106(4) falls below the relevant codec-specific threshold forthe ongoing communication session, which triggers another handoverprocedure. When the handover procedure is triggered, the mobile device102 may be within the coverage area 108(1) of the base station AP106(1). In addition to using a WiFi radio chip of the mobile device 102to scan for WiFi APs, the mobile device 102 may utilize a cellular radiochip (or chipset) to scan for cellular-based APs, such as the 3GPP basestation AP 106(1). Thus, the mobile device 102 can discover the basestation AP 106(1) using a cellular radio chip of the mobile device 102,and the mobile device 102 can take radio signal measurements from the AP106(1). It is to be appreciated that the mobile device 102 can scan foravailable APs (both cellular and WiFi) at multiple different times(e.g., periodically), and/or in response to a handover triggering event.Furthermore, the cellular radio chip and the WiFi radio chip of themobile device 102 can operate simultaneously to scan for respective APsin parallel. When the mobile device 102 has re-established thecommunication session via the base station AP 106(1), a handover fromthe serving WiFi AP 106(4) to the target base station AP 106(1) may becompleted by terminating the communication session with the serving WiFiAP 106(4).

FIG. 2 also shows a cell-to-WiFi handover example where the user 104moves from location, L₂, and returns to location, L₀. In this scenario,the mobile device 102, upon moving away from the serving AP 106(1) maydetermine that a radio signal measurement from the serving AP 106(1) isbelow the relevant codec-specific threshold, thereby triggering ahandover procedure. The mobile device 102 can scan for WiFi APs withincommunication range of the mobile device 102 to discover that the WiFiAP 106(3), among other possible APs within communication range of themobile device 102. When the handover procedure is triggered, the mobiledevice 102 can take radio signal measurements from the WiFi AP 106(3)and determine that the radio signal from the WiFi AP 106(3) is stable,and that it provides the highest radio signal strength or quality amongmultiple available radio signals from other APs. Thereafter, thecommunication session can be transferred from the serving base stationAP 106(1) to the target WiFi AP 106(3) by re-establishing thecommunication session via the target WiFi AP 106(3) and terminating thecommunication session via the serving base station AP 106(1).

In this manner, the mobile device 102 can operate in a mobile-controlledhandover implementation to handover a communication session between anyof the APs shown in FIG. 2. It is to be appreciated that themobile-controlled handover implementation may be utilized in thecellular network environment 100 of FIG. 1 as well (i.e., instead of themobile-assist, network-controlled handover implementation). Moreover,the mobile device 102 at location, L₂, of FIG. 2 may be configured toimplement the mobile-assist, network-controlled handover proceduredescribed with reference to FIG. 1. In this scenario, the serving AP106(1) sends a SIB containing a neighbor list of nearby base station APsand the set of codec-specific thresholds 112 so that the mobile device102 can utilize a codec-specific threshold for a handover to a nearbytarget base station AP.

In some implementations, when the user 104 is located at location, L₂,in FIG. 2, and when a mobile-assist, network-controlled handover isimplemented, the mobile device 102 can take radio signal measurementsfrom nearby WiFi APs in addition to taking radio signal measurementsfrom base station APs that are provided in a neighbor list from theserving AP 106(1). In other words, if a WiFi AP, such as the WiFi AP106(3) is within communication range of the mobile device 102 when ahandover triggering event occurs, the WiFi radio chip of the mobiledevice 102 can scan for nearby WiFi APs to discover the WiFi AP 106(3)and take radio signal measurements from the WiFi AP 106(3) in additionto taking radio signal measurements from neighboring base stations knownto the serving base station AP 106(1). In this example, the mobiledevice 102 may include the radio signal measurement of the WiFi AP106(3) in a measurement report 118 sent to the serving base station AP106(1) along with a device identifier (e.g., a media access control(MAC) address) of the WiFi AP 106(3). Thus, the serving AP 106(1) can beconfigured to analyze the measurement report 118 for all available APs,both cellular and WiFi, to determine a best performing AP to select asthe target AP. In this manner, an evaluation of cellular vs. WiFi can beimplemented into a handover procedure that utilizes codec-specificthresholds. This cellular vs. WiFi technique can also be applied in thecellular network environment 200 of FIG. 2 where both WiFi andcellular-based APs are available and within communication range of themobile device 102. In a mobile-controlled handover implementation, themobile device 102 can analyze the radio signal measurements taken fromall available (both cellular and WiFi) APs to determine a bestperforming AP to select as the target AP.

In the scenario where the mobile device 102 is preconfigured with a setof codec-specific thresholds 112 in local memory (e.g., duringmanufacture, in a software update/download, etc.), and in amobile-assist, network-controlled handover implementation, the mobiledevice 102 may receive, in a SIB from the serving base station AP106(1), a set of codec-specific thresholds 112 from the serving basestation AP 106(1) that is different from the codec-specific thresholds112 it has stored in local memory. In this sense, the set of thresholdsstored in local memory and the set of thresholds received from theserving base station AP 106(1) may conflict to some degree. For example,a set of codec-specific thresholds 112 obtained in a software update mayinclude an EVS-specific threshold of −120 dBm, while a different set ofcodec-specific thresholds 112 received from a serving base station AP106(1) may include an EVS-specific threshold of −117 dBm. In this case,the mobile device 102 has two different EVS-specific thresholdsavailable for use in determining a handover triggering event. The mobiledevice 102 may include logic for choosing one conflicting threshold overthe other, such as using the set of codec-specific thresholds 112 inmemory in lieu of any conflicting codec-specific thresholds 112 itreceives from the serving base station AP 106(1) in a SIB.Alternatively, the mobile device 102 may be programmed to use the set ofcodec-specific thresholds 112 it receives from the serving base stationAP 106(1) in lieu of the set of codec-specific thresholds 112 itcurrently has stored in local memory. In some embodiments, thecodec-specific thresholds may be time-stamped to indicate a time whenthey were updated, and the mobile device 102 may be programmed to selectthe newer threshold (i.e., the threshold with the most recent timestamp)as an overriding codec-specific threshold.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example architecture of the mobiledevice 102 in accordance with various embodiments. As shown, the mobiledevice 102 may include one or more processors 300 and one or more formsof computer-readable memory 302. The mobile device 102 may also includeadditional storage devices. Such additional storage may includeremovable storage 304 and/or non-removable storage 306.

In various embodiments, the computer-readable memory 302 isnon-transitory and can include both volatile memory and non-volatilememory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM),erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash Memory, miniaturehard drive, memory card, optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetictape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or anyother medium). The non-transitory computer-readable memory 302 may alsobe described as computer storage media and may include volatile andnonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any methodor technology for storage of information, such as computer readableinstructions, data structures, program modules, or other data.Computer-readable memory 302, as well as the removable storage 304 andnon-removable storage 306, are all examples of non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media. Non-transitory computer-readablestorage media include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flashmemory or other memory technology, compact disc read-only memory(CD-ROM), digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage,magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or othermagnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to storethe desired information and which can be accessed by the mobile device102. Any such non-transitory computer-readable storage media may be partof the mobile device 102.

The mobile device 102 may further include input devices 308, including,without limitation, a touch screen (e.g., touch, or proximity-based)display, physical buttons (e.g., keyboard or keypad), a camera-basedsensor configured to receive gestural input from a user, a microphone ormicrophone array for receiving voice input commands from a user,pointing devices (e.g., mouse, pen, stylus, etc.), or any other suitableinput devices 308 coupled communicatively to the processor(s) 300 andthe computer-readable memory 302. The mobile device 102 may furtherinclude output devices 310, including, without limitation, a display,one or more light-emitting diode (LED) indicators, speakers, a printer,or any other suitable output device coupled communicatively to theprocessor(s) 300 and the computer-readable memory 302.

The mobile device 102 may further include communications connection(s)312 that allow the mobile device 102 to communicate with other computingdevices 314 such as via a network (e.g., an IMS network). Thecommunications connection(s) 312 may facilitate transmitting andreceiving wireless signals over any suitable wirelesscommunications/data technology, standard, or protocol, as describedabove, such as using licensed, semi-licensed, or unlicensed spectrumover a telecommunications network. For example, the communicationconnection(s) 312 may represent at least one cellular radio (or cellularradio chip/chipset), at least one wireless IEEE 802.1x-based radiointerface (e.g., a WiFi radio chip/chipset), as well as other types ofwireless (e.g., Bluetooth®) and wireline communications interfaces.

In some embodiments, the computer-readable memory 302 may include athreshold update module 316 configured to receive and store a set ofmultiple codec-specific thresholds 112. The set of codec specificthresholds 112 received by the threshold update module 316 may bereceived at any suitable time, such as during manufacture of the mobiledevice 102 (e.g., hard-coding the set of codec-specific thresholds 112),in a software update initiated by the mobile device 102 or by the user104, and/or in response to a registration message 110 sent to a basestation AP, such as the base station AP 106(1).

The computer-readable memory 302 may further include a handover module318 configured to implement a handover algorithm in either or both of amobile-assist, network-controlled handover implementation, or amobile-controlled handover implementation. The handover module 318 istherefore configured to determine the selected codec 116 that has beenestablished for a communication session with another UE(s), compare theselected codec 116 to the codecs stored in memory to determine arelevant codec-specific threshold in the set of codec-specificthresholds 112 to use in monitoring for a handover triggering event. Thehandover module 318 may monitor for a handover triggering event bytaking radio signal measurements via the communication connection(s) 312(e.g., via the cellular radio and/or WiFi radio) and comparing the radiosignal measurements to the relevant codec-specific threshold. In amobile-assist, network-controlled handover implementation, the handovermodule 318 may be configured to send a measurement report 118 via thecommunication connection(s) 312 to a serving AP, such as the serving AP106(1). In a mobile-controlled handover implementation, the handovermodule 318 may be configured to analyze the radio signal measurements todetermine a best performing AP with the highest radio signalmeasurement, and to select the best performing AP as a target AP forcompleting the handover procedure.

The computer-readable memory 302 may further include an AP scanner 320configured to scan, via the communication connection(s) 312, foravailable APs within communication range of the mobile device 102. Forexample, a WiFi radio chip may be used by the AP scanner 320 to scan forWiFi APs within communication range of the mobile device 102, while acellular radio chip may be utilized to scan for cellular-based APs, suchas base stations. The AP scanner 320 may utilize a timer to determinewhen to scan for available APs within communication range of the mobiledevice 102, such as scanning every 10 seconds. The AP scanner 320 mayadditionally, or alternatively, be event-driven, such that the APscanner 320 is configured to scan for available APs (both cellular andWiFi) in response to a handover triggering event that is based on theradio signal of the serving AP falling below the relevant codec-specificthreshold.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a cellular-based access point (AP) 106 inaccordance with various embodiments. As shown, the cellular-based AP 106may include one or more processors 400 and one or more forms ofcomputer-readable memory 402. The cellular-based AP 106 may also includeadditional storage devices. Such additional storage may includeremovable storage 404 and/or non-removable storage 406. Thecomputer-readable memory 402, as well as the removable storage 404 andnon-removable storage 406 may comprise any of the types ofnon-transitory computer-readable storage media described with referenceto the mobile device 102 of FIG. 3.

The cellular-based AP 106 may further include input devices 408, such asbuttons (e.g., keyboard or keypad), and output devices 410, such as adisplay. The cellular-based AP 106 may further include communicationsconnection(s) 412 that allow the cellular-based AP 106 to communicatewith other computing devices 414 such as via a network (e.g., an IMSnetwork). The communications connection(s) 412 may facilitatetransmitting and receiving wireless signals over any suitable wirelesscommunications/data technology, standard, or protocol, as describedabove, such as using licensed, semi-licensed, or unlicensed spectrumover a telecommunications network.

In some embodiments, the computer-readable memory 402 may include anetwork-controlled handover module 416 configured to implement amobile-assist, network-controlled handover procedure for a mobile device102. Accordingly, the network-controlled handover module 416 maytransmit a SIB including a neighbor list 418 to inform the mobile device102 of neighboring base station APs, as well as other serviceinformation of the cellular-based AP 106. The network-controlledhandover module 416 may further be configured to include in the SIB, theset of codec-specific thresholds 112 to inform the mobile device 102 ofthe various codec-specific thresholds it can use to monitor for ahandover triggering event. The codec-specific thresholds 112 may beperiodically updated by a carrier of IMS-based services, such as whennew codecs are developed, or when performance characteristics ofparticular codecs change so that different codec-specific thresholds areto be implemented in a handover procedure.

The network-controlled handover module 416 may be further configured toreceive and process a measurement report 118 from a mobile device 102that includes radio signal measurements of both cellular-basedneighboring APs (e.g., neighboring base stations) and WiFi APs incommunication range of the mobile device 102. That is, thenetwork-controlled handover module 416 can allow for the inclusion ofWiFi APs in the measurement report 118 by including a device identifier(e.g., a MAC address) of a WiFi AP in the measurement report 118 so thatthe radio signal measurements of the WiFi AP can be considered alongwith radio signal measurements of base station APs in the neighbor list418.

Example Processes

The processes described in this disclosure may be implemented by thearchitectures described herein, or by other architectures. Theseprocesses are illustrated as a collection of blocks in a logical flowgraph. Some of the blocks represent operations that can be implementedin hardware, software, or a combination thereof. In the context ofsoftware, the blocks represent computer-executable instructions storedon one or more computer-readable storage media that, when executed byone or more processors, perform the recited operations. Generally,computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures, and the like that perform particularfunctions or implement particular abstract data types. The order inwhich the operations are described is not intended to be construed as alimitation, and any number of the described blocks can be combined inany order or in parallel to implement the processes. It is understoodthat the following processes may be implemented on other architecturesas well.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an example process 500 fortransitioning a communication session from a serving AP to a target APbased on a codec-specific threshold. The process 500 may be implementedby the mobile device 102 and relevant components of the mobile device102, such as the handover module 318, among other components.

At 502, the mobile device 102 may send a registration message 110 to afirst AP 106. The first AP 106 may comprise a cellular-based AP, such asa 3GPP base station, or a WiFi AP. The registration message 110 maycomprise a SIP REGISTER method that allows the mobile device 102 toregister for an IMS-based service, such as voice calling, video calling,and similar services. When the first AP 106 comprises a 3GPP basestation, such as an enhanced NodeB (eNodeB), the mobile device 102 mayreceive, in response to sending the registration message 110, a SIB fromthe base station AP 106 that includes service information for the basestation AP 106 including, without limitation, a neighbor list 418 ofneighboring base station APs, and a set of codec-specific thresholds 112that the mobile device 102 stores in local memory. In someimplementations, the mobile device 102 has previously stored the set ofcodec-specific thresholds 112 in local memory, such as when thethresholds 112 are hard-coded in the memory of the mobile device 102 atmanufacture, or when the mobile device 102 receives a software updateincluding the set of codec-specific thresholds.

At 504, the mobile device 102 may send a session initiation message 114to the first AP 106 in order to initiate a communication session, suchas a voice communication session or a video communication session. Thesession initiation message 114 may comprise a SIP INVITE method.

At 506, after the network negotiates a codec for the communicationsession, the mobile device 102 may receive the selected codec 116. Theselected codec 116 can comprise an audio codec, such as the EVS audiocodec, or a video codec such as the H.263 codec, and is a common codecthat all UEs and network entities involved in the communication sessioncan implement. For example, if the first AP 106 is a legacy AP that isconfigured to implement the AMR-WB audio codec, the selected codec 116may comprise the AMR-WB audio codec.

At 508, the handover module 318 of the mobile device 102 may access adata structure, such as a lookup table, that maintains the set ofcodec-specific thresholds 112. Again, the set of codec-specificthresholds 112 may have been hardcoded in the mobile device 102 atmanufacture, downloaded in a software update, or received from the firstAP 106 in response to sending the registration message 110 at 502. Forexample, the set of codec-specific thresholds 112 can include a firstcodec-specific threshold of −120 dBm that is associated with a firstcodec, such as the EVS audio codec, and a second codec-specificthreshold of −117 dBm that is associated with a second codec, such asthe AMR-WB audio codec.

At 510, the handover module 318 can compare the selected codec 116 tothe codecs in the data structure maintaining the set of codec-specificthresholds 112 to determine a matching codec. For example, if theselected codec 116 is the EVS audio codec for a voice communicationsession, the handover module 318 can lookup the EVS audio codec in thelookup table stored in the mobile device's 102 memory. Once the matchingEVS audio codec is identified in the data structure, the mobile device102 knows to monitor radio signal levels from the first, serving AP 106against the threshold specific to the EVS audio codec.

At 512, the handover module 318 measures a parameter of a radio signalfrom the first, serving AP 106. The parameter can comprise a RSRPparameter, a RSRQ parameter, or any suitable parameter that isindicative of radio signal strength and/or quality. The measurement at512 may be timer-based in that the mobile device 102 periodicallymeasures the parameter of the radio signal at regular intervals, or themeasurement at 512 may be event-based.

At 514, a determination is made as to whether the parameter measured at512 is below the relevant codec-specific threshold. Continuing with theprevious example, when the selected codec 116 is the EVS audio codec,the parameter measured at 512 is compared to the EVS-specific thresholdof −120 dBm to determine if the measured parameter is below theEVS-specific threshold. If not, the process 500 follows the “NO” routeback to 512 where the mobile device 102 measures the parameter again ata later point in time.

Once the mobile device 102 takes a radio signal measurement from thefirst AP 106 that is below the codec-specific threshold at 514, theprocess 500 follows the “YES” route to 516 to transition thecommunication session to a target AP 106. The target AP 106 can beidentified in various ways, as described herein. For example, the targetAP 106 can comprise a neighboring base station AP 106(2) that isincluded in the neighbor list 418 received from the serving, first AP106 when the first AP 106 is a base station AP. Additionally, oralternatively, the target AP 106 may be identified by the AP scanner 320of the mobile device 102. In this scenario, the target AP 106 cancomprise a WiFi AP discovered by the AP scanner 320 via the WiFi radiochip of the mobile device 102, or the target AP 106 can comprise a basestation AP discovered by the AP scanner 320 via the cellular radio chipof the mobile device 102. Furthermore, the transitioning of thecommunication session at 516 can be implemented in a mobile-assist,network-controlled manner where radio signal measurements of APs incommunication range of the mobile device are sent in a measurementreport 118 to the first, serving AP 106. This measurement report 118 canalso include device identifiers of, and radio signal measurements from,WiFi APs discovered by the AP scanner 320. In a mobile-controlledhandover implementation, the transitioning at 516 can include the mobiledevice 102 analyzing radio signal measurements from available APs incommunication range of the mobile device 102 and determining a bestperforming AP to select as the target AP 106.

In the specific example described with reference to FIG. 5, by utilizinga threshold of −120 dBm that is specific to the EVS audio codec, themobile device 102 can extend an EVS-based communication session tofarther distances from a serving AP as compared a single threshold thatis common across all audio codecs. That is, if the −117 dBm were usedfor both an EVS-based communication session and an AMR-WB-basedcommunication session, the EVS-based communication session will behanded over to a target AP too early. Meanwhile, if the −120 dBm wereused for both an EVS-based communication session and an AMR-WB-basedcommunication session, the AMR-WB-based communication session would dropbefore a handover could be initiated.

In some implementations, after the transitioning of the communicationsession at 516, the communication session can be continued byre-establishing the communication session served by the target AP 106instead of the first AP 106 that initiated the communication session. Insome examples, the first AP 106 employs a newer RAT than the target AP106, which employs some legacy RAT. Therefore, the target AP 106 may notbe capable of supporting the selected codec 116 that was used for thecommunication session when served by the first AP 106. Accordingly, anew codec may be selected for continuing the communication sessionserved by the target AP 106. Since the new selected codec, in thisexample, is different from the selected codec 116 received at 506 fromthe first AP 106, the mobile device 102 may again access, from localmemory, the codec-specific thresholds 112 to find a codec in the datastructure (e.g., lookup table) that matches the new selected codec. Thehandover triggering threshold that is specific to the matching codec canthen be used to monitor for a handover triggering event. For instance,during the communication session served by the target AP 106, the mobiledevice 102 can measure a parameter of a radio signal (e.g., the RSRPparameter, the RSRQ parameter, etc.) from the target AP 106 to obtain aradio signal measurement for the target AP 106, and if the radio signalmeasurement is above the codec-specific threshold associated with thematching codec, the communication session may continue to be served bythe target AP 106. However, upon determining that a radio signalmeasurement of the target AP 106 falls below the codec-specificthreshold associated with the matching codec, the communication sessionmay again be transitioned to a new target AP 106 in communication rangeof the mobile device 106. Thus, the handover from the target AP 106 to anew target AP 106 may be based on a codec-specific threshold that isdifferent from the codec-specific threshold used previously totransition the communication session from the first AP 106 to the targetAP 106.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example process 600 for amobile-assist, network-controlled implementation of a handoverprocedure. The process 600 may be implemented by the cellular-based AP106 of FIG. 4, and relevant components of the cellular-based AP 106,such as the network-controlled handover module 416, among othercomponents.

At 602, the cellular-based AP 106 can receive a registration message 110from a mobile device 102. The registration message 110 may comprise aSIP REGISTER method.

At 604, the cellular-based AP 106 can send information to the mobiledevice 102, the information including a set of codec-specific thresholds112 that the mobile device 102 is to store in memory of the mobiledevice 102 for use in monitoring for a handover triggering event. Theset of codec-specific thresholds 112 can be sent to the mobile device102 in a SIB that includes other service information of thecellular-based AP 106, such as a neighbor list 418 that specifiesneighboring base station APs to that of the cellular-based AP 106.

At 606, the cellular-based AP 106 can negotiate a codec for establishinga communication session for the mobile device 102. For example, themobile device 102 may send a SIP INVITE method to the cellular-based AP106 to initiate a communication session, and the cellular-based AP 106may help negotiate an audio codec and/or a video codec for thecommunication session.

At 608, the selected codec 116 is sent to the mobile device 102 so thatthe mobile device 102 can lookup the selected codec 116 in the storedset of codec-specific thresholds 112 and determine the correspondingcodec-specific threshold to use for monitoring a handover triggeringevent.

Once a handover procedure is triggered at the mobile device 102, thecellular-based AP 106 receives a measurement report 118 from the mobiledevice 102 at 610. The measurement report 118 can include radio signalmeasurements taken by the mobile device 102 with respect to one or moreAPs (both cellular and WiFi) within communication range of the mobiledevice 102. Accordingly, the measurement report 118 can include radiosignal measurements (e.g., measured RSRP parameters, RSRQ parameters,etc.) for neighboring cellular base station APs, neighboring WiFi APs,or both.

At 612, the cellular-based AP 106 may send a handover command 120 to themobile device 102 information the mobile device 102 of a target AP 106selected by the cellular-based AP 106. Accordingly, the cellular-basedAP 106 can analyze the measurement report 118 to select a bestperforming AP (e.g., the AP with the highest radio signal measurement)as the target AP for the handover. This handover command 120 is receivedby the mobile device 102 to re-register with the target AP 106 and totransition the communication session to the target AP.

The environment and individual elements described herein may of courseinclude many other logical, programmatic, and physical components, ofwhich those shown in the accompanying figures are merely examples thatare related to the discussion herein.

The various techniques described herein are assumed in the givenexamples to be implemented in the general context of computer-executableinstructions or software, such as program modules, that are stored incomputer-readable storage and executed by the processor(s) of one ormore computers or other devices such as those illustrated in thefigures. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures, etc., and define operating logic forperforming particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.

Other architectures may be used to implement the describedfunctionality, and are intended to be within the scope of thisdisclosure. Furthermore, although specific distributions ofresponsibilities are defined above for purposes of discussion, thevarious functions and responsibilities might be distributed and dividedin different ways, depending on circumstances.

Similarly, software may be stored and distributed in various ways andusing different means, and the particular software storage and executionconfigurations described above may be varied in many different ways.Thus, software implementing the techniques described above may bedistributed on various types of computer-readable media, not limited tothe forms of memory that are specifically described.

1. (canceled)
 2. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving, from a mobile device, a registration message at a serving base station configured to provide access to an Internet Protocol (IP) Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) core; sending, by the serving base station, information to the mobile device that includes: a first codec-specific threshold in association with a first codec; and a second codec-specific threshold in association with a second codec, wherein the first codec-specific threshold and the second codec-specific threshold are different thresholds; receiving, from the mobile device, a session initiation message at the serving base station to establish a communication session for the mobile device; negotiating a codec for the communication session involving the mobile device; sending, by the serving base station, the codec to the mobile device; and terminating the communication session for the mobile device with the serving base station.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, further comprising, after sending the codec to the mobile device, and prior to terminating the communication session: receiving a measurement report from the mobile device, the measurement report including a radio signal measurement of a target access point (AP) configured to provide access to the IMS core; and sending a handover command to the mobile device to transition the communication session from the serving base station to the target AP.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the target AP comprises a WiFi AP.
 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the measurement report further includes a device identifier of the WiFi AP, the method further comprising sending the device identifier of the WiFi AP to the mobile device to instruct the mobile device to assist in transitioning the communication session from the serving base station to the WiFi AP.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein: the information further includes a neighboring base station within a threshold distance from the serving base station; and the target AP comprises the neighboring base station.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein sending the information to the mobile device comprises: generating a system information block containing the information; and sending the system information block to the mobile device.
 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the first codec-specific threshold and the second codec-specific threshold are selected based on capabilities of the mobile device.
 9. A cellular-based access point (AP) comprising: a processor; and memory storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the cellular-based AP to perform operations comprising: receiving, from a mobile device, a registration message; sending information to the mobile device that includes: a first codec-specific threshold in association with a first codec; and a second codec-specific threshold in association with a second codec, wherein the first codec-specific threshold and the second codec-specific threshold are different thresholds; receiving, from the mobile device, a session initiation message to establish a communication session for the mobile device; negotiating a codec for the communication session involving the mobile device; sending the codec to the mobile device; and terminating the communication session for the mobile device with the cellular-based AP.
 10. The cellular-based AP of claim 9, the operations further comprising, after sending the codec to the mobile device, and prior to terminating the communication session: receiving a measurement report from the mobile device, the measurement report including a radio signal measurement of a target access point (AP) configured to provide access to an Internet Protocol (IP) Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) core; and sending a handover command to the mobile device to transition the communication session from the cellular-based AP to the target AP.
 11. The cellular-based AP of claim 10, wherein the target AP comprises a WiFi AP.
 12. The cellular-based AP of claim 11, wherein the measurement report further includes a device identifier of the WiFi AP, the operations further comprising sending the device identifier of the WiFi AP to the mobile device to instruct the mobile device to assist in transitioning the communication session from the cellular-based AP to the WiFi AP.
 13. The cellular-based AP of claim 10, wherein: the information further includes a neighboring base station within a threshold distance from the cellular-based AP; and the target AP comprises the neighboring base station.
 14. The cellular-based AP of claim 9, wherein sending the information to the mobile device comprises: generating a system information block containing the information; and sending the system information block to the mobile device.
 15. The cellular-based AP of claim 9, wherein the first codec-specific threshold and the second codec-specific threshold are selected based on capabilities of the mobile device.
 16. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of a mobile device, the one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of the serving base station, cause the serving base station to perform operations comprising: receiving, from a mobile device, a registration message; sending information to the mobile device that includes: a first codec-specific threshold in association with a first codec; and a second codec-specific threshold in association with a second codec, wherein the first codec-specific threshold and the second codec-specific threshold are different thresholds; receiving, from the mobile device, a session initiation message to establish a communication session for the mobile device; negotiating a codec for the communication session involving the mobile device; sending the codec to the mobile device; and terminating the communication session for the mobile device with the serving base station.
 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 16, the operations further comprising, after sending the codec to the mobile device, and prior to terminating the communication session: receiving a measurement report from the mobile device, the measurement report including a radio signal measurement of a target access point (AP) configured to provide access to an Internet Protocol (IP) Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) core; and sending a handover command to the mobile device to transition the communication session from the serving base station to the target AP.
 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 17, wherein the target AP comprises a WiFi AP.
 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 18, wherein the measurement report further includes a device identifier of the WiFi AP, the operations further comprising sending the device identifier of the WiFi AP to the mobile device to instruct the mobile device to assist in transitioning the communication session from the serving base station to the WiFi AP.
 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 17, wherein: the information further includes a neighboring base station within a threshold distance from the serving base station; and the target AP comprises the neighboring base station.
 21. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 16, wherein the first codec-specific threshold and the second codec-specific threshold are selected based on capabilities of the mobile device. 